The present paper discusses implicit memory (compared to explicit memory) as a new phenomenon in memory research. First, ideas about implicit memory are considered very briefly from historical point of view. Then, as in recent studies, two lines of research are discussed; i.e., subliminal stimuli and repetition priming studies. These studies, especially priming studies, show that explicit memory are affected differently by various variables. While explicit memory tests are affected by the levels-of-processing and the interval between encoding and retrieval stages (forgetting effect), implicit memory tests are not affected. On the other hand, while implicit memory tests are sensitive to modality and mood changes, manipulated both at encoding and at retrieval, memory tests are unaffected. The findings related to amnesic patients are impaired with respect to explicit memory and are intact with respect to implicit memory.There are two theoretical explanations for this double dissociation between explicit and implicit memory. The processing view suggests that there is a single and integrated memory system and the discrepancy between explicit and implicit memory are explained the different natures of relation between encoding and retrieval processes or procedures. The multiple memory systems view, which is more promising and supported by empirical evidence, claims that each of these two types of memory is supported by an independent and separate system(s). Although these systems interact with each other, they follow different rules, however.

Explicit memory for threat and non-threat stimuli was examined in Iranian adolescents aged between 11 to 18 years. Clinically anxious (n=29), subclinically anxious (n=27), and normal controls (n=29) were matched for age, gender and academic performance. Participants asked to encode the stimuli words including threat, depression, positive and neutral words, presented on a screen one after another. Content-specificity hypothesis predicts anxious individuals should show a memory bias favoring anxiety information. However, Williams et al's theory does not predict such a bias. The present study conducted to examine the two different theories.In sum, the results support the Williams et al's theory. Although, anxious patients compared to the sub-clinically anxious individuals, show a memory bias towards threat words. The difference between the two anxious groups and theoretical implications with regard 10the two theories are discussed.

Objective: Stuttering is one of the most common speech disorders. However, its etiology is poorly understood, and is likely to be heterogeneous. Impairment of cognitive functions such as emotional memory and attention is one of the important factors. The aim of this research is to compare explicit and implicit memory between stutterers and normal individuals and also comparison of anxiety and depression between 2 groups. Materials & Methods: This is a case-control and analytical research. The participated individuals in this research were 30 male and female stutterers and the same number as the matched control group. The control group was matched for gender, age, education and bilingualism. The cue recall task performed to investigate explicit memory and the word stem completing task for implicit memory. The anxiety and depression of the individuals were measured by using general Hygiene Questionnaire (GHQ28) in this study. The performance of the individuals was measured based on positive and negative words in explicit and implicit memory and was compared with anxiety and depression score they obtained. Data was analyzed by using independent T-test, paired T-test, U-Man Witney and Willkaxon test. Results: The data indicated that stutterers recognized less emotionally positive words in explicit memory as compared with nonstutterers. Also, stutterers recognized more emotionally negative words as compared with emotionally positive words in explicit and implicit memory tasks (P<0/05). Additionally, stutterers showed more anxiety and depression as compared to nonstutterers. This difference was significant except for depression (P<0/001 & P>0.05). Conclusion: Taking into consideration the role of cognitive functions including emotional memory in motor speech programming and the difference in the function of positive versus negative emotional memories between stutterers and nonstutterers in this research, the role of emotional memory can be considered as an important factor in stutterers.

Objective: The purpose of the present research was to perform a developmental study on implicit and explicit memory in children. The paper inquires into the changes in explicit and implicit memory using everyday tasks in accordance with children's development. Method: 120 third, fourth and fifth grade elementary schoolchildren were selected using multi stage sampling. The instruments for the study were high frequency words. The number of words was 32. Recognition and word stem completion were conducted for explicit and implicit memories respectively. Data was analyzed using analysis of variance and post hoc tests with a 99% confidence level. Results: Schoolchildren of different educational levels showed an improvement in function in both explicit and implicit memories. Conclusion: The most important conclusion of the present study is that implicit memory develops along with the development of explicit memory in the course of time.

Cognitive theories suggest that information processing biases play a central role in the development and maintenance of emotional disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of explicit and implicit memory biases for emotional information in subclinically depressed (N=20) and normal controls (N=20) individuals. Participants were students at the University of Arak and were selected according to their scores on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, 1978) and General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg and Hiller, 1979). Four types of word (depression related, social threat related, positive and neutral words) were used in the explicit and implicit memory tasks. Explicit memory was assessed with a free recall and implicit memory with a word- stem completion task. Results of Repeated Measure Analysis of Variance showed that the depressed group showed a mood congruent memory bias at free recall. The results of this study failed to show the existence of a mood congruent memory bias for implicit memory in depressed individuals. The theoretical implications of these findings were discussed.

Introduction: The relationship of body-mind is the one of issue about integration of human being and it seem the neuro-psychological aspects are not separate from each other's.: The aim of the present study was to compare the explicit memory (recognition memory and recall memory) of bulimic women and normal women.Method: The study was a descriptive with ex-post facto method study. Two sample groups, 20 bulimic women, from therapeutic clinics, whose were seeking therapy for bulimia, and 20 normal women, were selected with targeted selection method. Bulimia Questionnaire (with adequate reliability and validity) and Explicit Memory (recall and recognition) Inventory were administered on the individual of each group. The data were analyzed with multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) method by using SPSS software.Results: The results of study revealed that there was a significant difference in recognition memory (F=6.74, Sig=0.013) between two groups and therefore the bulimic group performed lower than the normal group. But there was no differences in recall memory (F=13, Sig=0.261) between two groups.Conclusion: The findings indicated that Bulimic women have low performance on some aspects of memory than the normal women.

Objectives: The study was designed to examine explicit memory bias in trait-anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorder. Method: Memory bias was examined in three groups of subjects: low-trait anxious (20 subjects), high-trait anxious (20 subjects) and obsessive- compulsive patients (20 subjects) in whom danger schemata were activated after they were exposed to threat- related material. The trait-anxious subjects were selected from among university students through a Spielberger Test. The obsessive-compulsive patients were identified by psychiatrists or clinical psychologists on the basis of DSM- IV criteria. All subjects were tested on explicit memory, and the data was analysed through analysis of variance. Findings: The high trait anxious group demonstrated explicit memory bias against threatening adjectives, whereas the obsessive-compulsive subjects demonstrated explicit memory bias against obsessive threatening adjectives. Results: The results demonstrated that both the obsessive- compulsive patients and the high trait-anxious subjects are biased against threat-related material.

Nowadays, it is common to find optimal point of the dynamic problem; dynamic problems whose optimal point changes over time require algorithms which dynamically adapt the search space instability. In the most of them, the exploitation of some information from the past allows to quickly adapt after an environmental change (some optimal points change). This is the idea underlining the use of memory in the field, which involves key design issues concerning the memory content, the process of memory update, and the process of memory retrieval. With use of the Aging Best Solution and Keeping Diversity in Population, the speed convergence of algorithm can be increased. This article presents a genetic algorithm based on memory for dealing with dynamic optimization problems and focuses on explicit placement of memory schemes, and performs a comprehensive analysis on current design of Moving Peaks Benchmark (MPB) problem. The MPB problem is the most proper benchmark for simulation of dynamic environments. The experimental study show the efficiency of the proposed approach for solving dynamic optimization problems in comparison with other algorithms presented in the literature.

Introduction: This study reviews the sexuality and effect of priming in the memory dividing: Explicit memory and implicit memory. The main objective of this study is assessment of sexuality on rate of Explicit and Implicit Function that result of different rate of priming in two kinds of memory.Method and materials: The universal investigation consisted of students of Tonekabon, I.A.U. (boys and girls). Every group consists of 100 persons selected by random method. Memory test was done by cued - recall and word - stem complete (wsc) test for Explicit memory and Implicit memory.Results: The hypothesi s are that: Significant differences between rate of priming effect in women’s Explicit memory and rate of priming effect in men’s Explicit memory.Rate of priming effect in men’s implicit memory is beyond ratio to women’s implicit memory.Expriment of these hypothsis showed that first hypothesis is not true, but the second hypothsis is confirmed (approved).This is mining that sexuality effect is different in rate of priming of women’s implicit memory and men’s implicit memory.  Therefore, increase of rate function implicit memory in men, ratio to rate founction woment implicit memory.Conclusion: final Result of is that. Men are over sensitivity (sensibility) ratio to surface feature data.